Chevalley generators from a minuscule weight table #
A minuscule weight table for a generalized Cartan matrix determines a representation of the
Serre presentation of that matrix: each weight pairs with every simple coroot to -1, 0 or 1,
the simple reflections permute the weights, and the raising operator at a node moves a weight whose
coordinate is -1 to its reflection and kills every other weight, the lowering operator dually.
Every nonzero entry of the resulting matrices is 1, so the representation needs no structure
constants. The main application is to minuscule representations of simple Lie algebras, which are
determined by such tables. Nothing here needs the diagram to be simply laced: the spin
representation of type B and the standard representation of type C are minuscule as well.
This file packages that data as TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable and builds from it the three
families of integral matrices, proves they are an sl₂ triple at each node admitting a weight with
coordinate -1 and that they satisfy the Serre relations, and lifts them to a representation of
the Serre presentation. A type-specific carrier
then supplies only its weight table and reads the whole construction off.
The Cartan matrix is only required to be a generalized Cartan matrix: diagonal entries 2,
nonpositive off-diagonal entries, and CM i j = 0 exactly when CM j i = 0. It follows the
convention of Matrix.ToLieAlgebra, in which ⁅hᵢ, eⱼ⁆ = CM i j • eⱼ, so CM i j is the pairing
of the j-th simple root with the i-th simple coroot. The coordinates are pairings with simple
coroots, so the reflection equation reads wt (s_i a) j = wt a j - wt a i * CM j i.
Main declarations #
TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable: the weight-table data and the conditions on it, withTauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.extreducing equality of tables to equality of their Cartan matrices and their weights.TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.Symmetry: compatible permutations of the simple nodes and weight indices, with derived equivariance laws for reflections and Chevalley generators, andTauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.Symmetry.rootPermthe permutation it induces on the positive and negative simple-root indices.TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.raisingMatrix,loweringMatrixandcartanGeneratorMatrix: the integral Chevalley generators the table names.TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.serreRepresentation: the representation of the Serre presentation they define.
Main results #
TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.raisingMatrix_apply,loweringMatrix_applyandcartanGeneratorMatrix_apply: their entry formulas.TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.raisingMatrix_pow_twoandloweringMatrix_pow_two: the raising and lowering matrices square to zero.TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.isSl2Triple: the three matrices at a node are ansl₂triple when some weight has coordinate-1at that node.TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.isSerreSystem: they satisfy the Serre relations.
References #
- J. E. Humphreys, Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory, §13.4, for the minuscule-orbit description of these representations.
- N. Bourbaki, Lie Groups and Lie Algebras, Chapters 4--6, for the numbering conventions.
A minuscule weight table for a generalized Cartan matrix. The weights are recorded in
simple-coroot coordinates, so weight a i is the pairing of the a-th weight with the i-th
simple coroot, and the simple reflection at i acts on the table by reflection i.
The Cartan matrix, with the root index second:
cartanMatrix i jis the pairing of thej-th simple root with thei-th simple coroot.- weight : ι → B → ℤ
The weights, in simple-coroot coordinates.
- reflection : B → ι → ι
The permutation of the table induced by the
i-th simple reflection. The Cartan matrix has diagonal entries
2.- cartanMatrix_offDiag_nonpos (i j : B) : i ≠ j → self.cartanMatrix i j ≤ 0
The off-diagonal entries of the Cartan matrix are nonpositive.
An entry of the Cartan matrix vanishes exactly when its transpose entry does.
- weight_eq_neg_one_or_eq_zero_or_eq_one (a : ι) (i : B) : self.weight a i = -1 ∨ self.weight a i = 0 ∨ self.weight a i = 1
Minusculeness: every coordinate of every weight is
-1,0or1. - weight_reflection (i : B) (a : ι) (j : B) : self.weight (self.reflection i a) j = self.weight a j - self.weight a i * self.cartanMatrix j i
The reflection equation
wt (s_i a) j = wt a j - wt a i * CM j i. - weight_injective : Function.Injective self.weight
Distinct indices name distinct weights.
Instances For
Extensionality #
A minuscule weight table is determined by its Cartan matrix and its weights. The simple reflections are determined by them through the reflection equation, the weights being injective, and the remaining fields are proofs.
Symmetries #
A symmetry of a minuscule weight table. It consists of compatible permutations of the simple nodes and the weight indices which preserve the Cartan matrix and the weight coordinates. The reflection permutations and Chevalley-generator matrices are then equivariant automatically.
- nodePerm : Equiv.Perm B
The induced permutation of the simple nodes.
- indexPerm : Equiv.Perm ι
The induced permutation of the weight indices.
The weight coordinates are equivariant for the two permutations.
- cartanMatrix_apply (i j : B) : T.cartanMatrix (self.nodePerm i) (self.nodePerm j) = T.cartanMatrix i j
The node permutation preserves the Cartan matrix.
Instances For
Two symmetries of a minuscule weight table are equal when their node and weight-index permutations are equal.
A symmetry is determined by its pair of node and weight-index permutations.
The identity symmetry of a minuscule weight table.
Equations
- TauCeti.MinusculeWeightTable.Symmetry.identity T = { nodePerm := 1, indexPerm := 1, weight_apply := ⋯, cartanMatrix_apply := ⋯ }
Instances For
The composite of two symmetries of a minuscule weight table.
Equations
Instances For
The inverse of a symmetry of a minuscule weight table.
Equations
Instances For
Equations
Equations
Equations
The symmetries of a minuscule weight table form a group under simultaneous composition of their node and weight-index permutations.
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
A symmetry of a minuscule weight table intertwines its simple reflections.
The permutation of the positive and negative simple-root indices induced by a table symmetry: its node permutation on both copies.
Instances For
The reflected weights #
A simple reflection negates the corresponding simple-coroot coordinate.
A simple reflection is an involution on the table.
A reflection at a node orthogonal to j leaves the j-th coordinate alone.
Reflections at two orthogonal nodes commute on the table.
The raising and lowering targets #
The Chevalley generators #
The raising matrix of the i-th simple root on the integral weight basis.
Equations
Instances For
The lowering matrix of the i-th simple root on the integral weight basis.
Equations
Instances For
The diagonal matrix of the i-th simple coroot on the integral weight basis.
Equations
- T.cartanGeneratorMatrix i = Matrix.diagonal fun (b : ι) => T.weight b i
Instances For
The entry formula for a simple raising matrix.
The entry formula for a simple lowering matrix.
The column of a raising matrix over any commutative ring is the reflected coordinate vector exactly at a raising edge, and otherwise is zero.
The column of a lowering matrix over any commutative ring is the reflected coordinate vector exactly at a lowering edge, and otherwise is zero.
The entry formula for a simple Cartan generator matrix.
A table symmetry carries each raising matrix to the matrix at the image node, entrywise along the weight-index permutation.
A table symmetry carries each lowering matrix to the matrix at the image node, entrywise along the weight-index permutation.
A table symmetry carries each Cartan-generator matrix to the matrix at the image node, entrywise along the weight-index permutation.
Reindexing a raising matrix by a table symmetry gives the raising matrix at the original node.
Reindexing a lowering matrix by a table symmetry gives the lowering matrix at the original node.
Reindexing a Cartan-generator matrix by a table symmetry gives the Cartan-generator matrix at the original node.
The Serre relations #
The raising matrix at each node squares to zero. The raising operator carries a weight of
coordinate -1 to its reflection, whose coordinate is 1, and kills every weight of coordinate
1, so two raising steps never compose.
The lowering matrix at each node squares to zero, dually to the raising matrix.
At a node carrying a weight of coordinate -1, the three integral matrices of the table
form an sl₂ triple. The hypothesis is what makes the Cartan generator nonzero; at a node whose
coordinates all vanish the three matrices are zero, and IsSl2Triple asks its h to be nonzero.
A node no weight is negative at carries the zero raising matrix.
A node no weight is negative at carries the zero lowering matrix, a weight of coordinate
1 reflecting to one of coordinate -1.
The integral matrices of a minuscule weight table satisfy the Serre relations of its Cartan matrix.
The integral representation of the Serre presentation named by a minuscule weight table.
Equations
Instances For
The representation sends a Cartan generator to its diagonal weight matrix.
The representation sends a positive generator to its raising matrix.
The representation sends a negative generator to its lowering matrix.