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TauCeti.AlgebraicTopology.SimplicialSet.Shuffle

The shuffle map #

Let C be a preadditive monoidal category with w-small coproducts, in which tensoring on either side preserves w-small coproducts (for instance ModuleCat k). For simplicial sets K and L and objects R and S of C, the shuffle map of Eilenberg and Mac Lane is the morphism of chain complexes SSet.shuffle K L R S from K.chainComplex R ⊗ L.chainComplex S, the tensor product of the simplicial chains of the factors, to (K ⊗ L).chainComplex (R ⊗ S), the simplicial chains of the product K × L. The tensor product of chain complexes is Mathlib's monoidal structure on ChainComplex C ℕ, whose differential is d (a ⊗ b) = d a ⊗ b + (-1)^p a ⊗ d b for a of degree p. The shuffle map is the other half, besides the Alexander–Whitney map SSet.alexanderWhitney, of the Eilenberg–Zilber comparison between chains on a product and tensor products of chains.

The shuffle map is first constructed on the standard simplices. The shuffle chain SSet.shuffleChain T p q (p + q) is a (p + q)-chain of Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q] with coefficients in T. Unwinding its recursion, it is the signed sum of the nondegenerate (p + q)-simplices of Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q]: the monotone lattice paths from (0, 0) to (p, q), each with the sign (-1)^N, where N counts the pairs of a vertical step followed, later on the path, by a horizontal step. Here a path is built from its first step: either a horizontal step (0, 0) → (1, 0) followed by a path from (1, 0), or a vertical step (0, 0) → (0, 1) followed by a path from (0, 1) with the sign (-1)^p. The two cases are the cone from (0, 0) (SSet.stdSimplex.prodConeChain) on the shuffle chains of Δ[p - 1] ⊗ Δ[q] and Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q - 1], pushed along the zeroth face maps. The shuffle map then sends the summand of a p-simplex x of K and a q-simplex y of L to the image of the shuffle chain under the map Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q] ⟶ K ⊗ L classifying (x, y) (SSet.ιChainComplex_tensorHom_ιChainComplex_shuffle_f). This is the classical formula x ⊗ y ↦ ∑ ± (s_ν x, s_μ y) over the (p, q)-shuffles (μ, ν), although this file works with the recursion and does not state that closed formula.

The boundary of the cone is ∂ (c σ) = σ - c (∂ σ) in positive degrees (SSet.stdSimplex.prodConeChain_d). An induction on the degree then shows that the boundary of the shuffle chain is the alternating sum of its faces in the first factor plus (-1)^p times the alternating sum of its faces in the second factor, which is exactly the statement that the shuffle map is a morphism of chain complexes.

Main definitions and results #

References #

def SSet.stdSimplex.cone {a m : ℕ} (x : (stdSimplex.obj { len := a }).obj (Opposite.op { len := m })) :
(stdSimplex.obj { len := a }).obj (Opposite.op { len := m + 1 })

The cone from the vertex 0 on a simplex x of the standard simplex Δ[a]: the simplex whose vertices are 0, x 0, …, x m.

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    @[simp]
    theorem SSet.stdSimplex.cone_apply_zero {a m : ℕ} (x : (stdSimplex.obj { len := a }).obj (Opposite.op { len := m })) :
    (cone x) 0 = 0
    @[simp]
    theorem SSet.stdSimplex.cone_apply_succ {a m : ℕ} (x : (stdSimplex.obj { len := a }).obj (Opposite.op { len := m })) (i : Fin (m + 1)) :
    (cone x) i.succ = x i
    @[simp]

    The zeroth face of the cone on x is x.

    @[simp]

    The (i + 1)-st face of the cone on x is the cone on the i-th face of x.

    The second face (index 1) of the cone on a vertex x is the vertex 0.

    theorem SSet.stdSimplex.map_cone {a b m : ℕ} (g : { len := a } ⟶ { len := b }) (hg : (SimplexCategory.Hom.toOrderHom g) 0 = 0) (x : (stdSimplex.obj { len := a }).obj (Opposite.op { len := m })) :

    A map of standard simplices which fixes the vertex 0 commutes with cones.

    The cone from the vertex (0, 0) on a simplex of the product Δ[a] ⊗ Δ[b].

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      The cone from the vertex 0, as a map raising the degree of the simplicial chains of Δ[a] by one. It is a contracting homotopy in positive degrees (SSet.stdSimplex.coneChain_d), and in degree zero it contracts onto the vertex 0 (SSet.stdSimplex.coneChain_zero_d).

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        The cone on the simplicial chains of Δ[a] is a contracting homotopy in positive degrees: ∂ (c ∘ σ) = σ - c ∘ ∂ σ for a chain σ of positive degree.

        The map on the 0-chains of Δ[a] which sends the summand of every vertex to the summand of the vertex 0.

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          In degree zero, the boundary of the cone on a vertex x is x minus the vertex 0.

          @[simp]

          Collapsing every vertex onto the vertex 0 kills boundaries.

          The cone from the vertex (0, 0), as a map raising the degree of the simplicial chains of Δ[a] ⊗ Δ[b] by one. It is a contracting homotopy in positive degrees (SSet.stdSimplex.prodConeChain_d).

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            The cone on the simplicial chains of Δ[a] ⊗ Δ[b] is a contracting homotopy in positive degrees: ∂ (c ∘ σ) = σ - c ∘ ∂ σ for a chain σ of positive degree.

            A map of products of standard simplices which commutes with the cones commutes with the cone on simplicial chains.

            The shuffle chain of Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q] with coefficients in T, a chain of degree n = p + q. It is defined by recursion on the first step of a lattice path from (0, 0) to (p, q): the shuffle chain of Δ[0] ⊗ Δ[0] is its unique vertex (SSet.shuffleChain_zero_zero), and otherwise it is the cone from (0, 0) on the shuffle chain of Δ[p - 1] ⊗ Δ[q] pushed along the zeroth face Δ[p - 1] ⟶ Δ[p], plus (-1)^p times the cone on the shuffle chain of Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q - 1] pushed along the zeroth face Δ[q - 1] ⟶ Δ[q], where a term is absent when the corresponding index is zero (SSet.shuffleChain_succ_zero, SSet.shuffleChain_zero_succ and SSet.shuffleChain_succ_succ).

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              The shuffle chain of Δ[p + 1] ⊗ Δ[0] is the cone on the shuffle chain of Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[0], pushed along the zeroth face of Δ[p + 1].

              The shuffle chain of Δ[0] ⊗ Δ[q + 1] is the cone on the shuffle chain of Δ[0] ⊗ Δ[q], pushed along the zeroth face of Δ[q + 1].

              The shuffle chain of Δ[p + 1] ⊗ Δ[q + 1] is the cone on the shuffle chain of Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q + 1] pushed along the zeroth face of Δ[p + 1], plus (-1)^(p + 1) times the cone on the shuffle chain of Δ[p + 1] ⊗ Δ[q] pushed along the zeroth face of Δ[q + 1].

              The boundary of the shuffle chain of Δ[p + 1] ⊗ Δ[q + 1]: the alternating sum of its faces in the first factor plus (-1)^(p + 1) times the alternating sum of its faces in the second factor, each face being the image of a smaller shuffle chain under a face map.

              The boundary of the shuffle chain of Δ[p + 1] ⊗ Δ[0]: the alternating sum of its faces in the first factor.

              The boundary of the shuffle chain of Δ[0] ⊗ Δ[q + 1]: the alternating sum of its faces in the second factor.

              The shuffle map C(K; R) ⊗ C(L; S) ⟶ C(K × L; R ⊗ S) of Eilenberg and Mac Lane. It sends the summand of a p-simplex x of K and a q-simplex y of L to the image of the shuffle chain SSet.shuffleChain (R ⊗ S) p q (p + q) under the map Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q] ⟶ K ⊗ L classifying (x, y) (SSet.ιChainComplex_tensorHom_ιChainComplex_shuffle_f). It is a morphism of chain complexes for the Koszul sign rule on the tensor product.

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                @[simp]

                The shuffle map on the summand of a p-simplex x of K and a q-simplex y of L is the image of the shuffle chain of Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q] under the map Δ[p] ⊗ Δ[q] ⟶ K ⊗ L classifying (x, y).