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TauCeti.RepresentationTheory.Augmentation.Basic

The augmentation subrepresentation of a free-module action #

For a monoid action on X, the augmentation subrepresentation of k[X] consists of the vectors whose coefficients sum to zero. For a group action on finite X, the sum of the standard basis vectors spans an invariant subrepresentation, called the invariant line. Both constructions are defined over any semiring. If X is nonempty, the invariant line is equivalent to the trivial representation on k: every coordinate of a vector in the line is its scalar coefficient.

Over a ring, the coefficient sum is a morphism from the permutation representation to the trivial representation. When X is nonempty its kernel inclusion gives the short exact sequence 0 → ker(sum) → k[X] → k → 0, whether or not it splits equivariantly.

For finite X over a ring satisfying the strong rank condition, the augmentation subrepresentation has rank |X| - 1. Over any ring where |X| is a unit, the invariant line complements it. The equivalence TauCeti.ofMulActionEquivProdAugmentation expresses this splitting: its first component is the average of the coefficients, and its second subtracts that multiple of the sum of the standard basis. For empty X, both subrepresentations are zero and are still complementary.

Over a field, the character of the augmentation subrepresentation is the character of the induced free-module action minus the trivial character, provided X is finite and nonempty. The identity holds even when the characteristic divides |X|, so the invariant line is not a complement. Likewise its characteristic polynomial times X - 1 is the characteristic polynomial on k[X]. These constructions underlie the standard representation of the symmetric group.

Main definitions and results #

Implementation notes #

The augmentation is Module.Basis.sumCoords for MonoidAlgebra.basis X k. This linear map requires no multiplication on X, unlike the ring homomorphism augmenting a monoid algebra. The two maps agree when X is a monoid: both send single x a to a.

References #

The augmentation subrepresentation #

@[simp]
theorem TauCeti.sumCoords_basis_ofMulAction (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Monoid G] [MulAction G X] (g : G) (v : MonoidAlgebra k X) :

The coefficient sum is invariant under the induced action on the free module.

noncomputable def TauCeti.augmentationSubrepresentation (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Monoid G] [MulAction G X] :

The augmentation subrepresentation of k[X]: the elements whose coefficients sum to zero.

Instances For
    noncomputable def TauCeti.permutationAugmentation (k : Type u) [Ring k] (G : Type u_1) (X : Type u) [Monoid G] [MulAction G X] :

    The coefficient sum as a morphism from the permutation representation to the trivial representation on the scalars.

    Instances For
      @[simp]

      The permutation augmentation evaluates to the sum of the coefficients.

      Read on coefficients, the permutation augmentation sums the coefficients.

      For a nonempty permutation set, augmentation is surjective.

      A difference of two standard basis vectors has vanishing augmentation.

      The augmentation subrepresentation on a finite set is finitely generated over any ring.

      Linear forms on the augmentation subrepresentation #

      @[simp]

      The coefficient sum vanishes on the augmentation subrepresentation.

      A linear form on k[X] vanishes on the augmentation subrepresentation exactly when it is a multiple of the coefficient sum. No hypothesis on k or X is needed.

      The augmentation sequence #

      noncomputable def TauCeti.permutationAugmentationSequence (k : Type u) [Ring k] (G : Type u_1) (X : Type u) [Monoid G] [MulAction G X] :

      The permutation augmentation sequence ker(sum) → k[X] → k.

      Instances For

        The permutation augmentation sequence consists of the inclusion and coefficient sum.

        @[simp]

        The first term of the permutation augmentation sequence is the augmentation subrepresentation.

        @[simp]

        The middle term of the permutation augmentation sequence is the permutation representation.

        @[simp]

        The last term of the permutation augmentation sequence is the trivial representation on k.

        @[simp]

        The first map of the permutation augmentation sequence is the kernel inclusion.

        @[simp]

        The second map of the permutation augmentation sequence is the coefficient sum.

        The augmentation sequence on a nonempty permutation set is short exact. It need not split equivariantly when the cardinality of the set is not invertible.

        The invariant line #

        noncomputable def TauCeti.permutationSum (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (X : Type u_2) [Fintype X] :

        The sum of the standard basis of k[X], for a finite index type.

        Instances For
          @[simp]
          theorem TauCeti.coeff_permutationSum {k : Type u_1} [Semiring k] {X : Type u_2} [Fintype X] (x : X) :

          The augmentation of the sum of the standard basis is the cardinality of the index type.

          Deliberately not @[simp]: simp already proves this from TauCeti.coeff_permutationSum and the generic basis API, so tagging it would be a simpNF violation.

          theorem TauCeti.permutationSum_ne_zero {k : Type u_1} [Semiring k] {X : Type u_2} [Fintype X] [Nonempty X] [Nontrivial k] :

          For nonempty X and nontrivial coefficients, the sum of the standard basis is nonzero.

          @[simp]
          theorem TauCeti.ofMulAction_permutationSum (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] (g : G) :

          The sum of the standard basis is fixed by the group action.

          noncomputable def TauCeti.invariantLine (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] :

          The invariant line of k[X]: the line spanned by the sum of the standard basis, as a subrepresentation.

          Instances For
            @[simp]
            theorem TauCeti.toSubmodule_invariantLine (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] :
            @[simp]

            The group acts trivially on the invariant line.

            @[simp]
            theorem TauCeti.mem_invariantLine_iff {k : Type u_1} [Semiring k] {G : Type u_2} {X : Type u_3} [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] {v : MonoidAlgebra k X} :
            v ∈ invariantLine k G X ↔ ∃ (c : k), c • permutationSum k X = v

            The elements of the invariant line are exactly the multiples of the sum of the standard basis.

            The invariant line as the trivial representation #

            noncomputable def TauCeti.invariantLineEquivTrivial (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] [Nonempty X] :

            For a nonempty index type, the invariant line is the trivial representation on the scalars. The inverse sends a scalar to that multiple of the sum of the standard basis.

            Instances For
              @[simp]
              theorem TauCeti.coe_invariantLineEquivTrivial_symm_apply (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] [Nonempty X] (c : k) :

              The scalar c names the multiple c • permutationSum k X of the sum of the standard basis.

              @[simp]
              theorem TauCeti.invariantLineEquivTrivial_apply_smul (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] [Nonempty X] (v : ↥(invariantLine k G X).toSubmodule) :

              Conversely, the scalar naming a vector of the invariant line is its coordinate along the sum of the standard basis: that multiple of the sum is the vector again.

              @[simp]
              theorem TauCeti.coeff_eq_invariantLineEquivTrivial (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] [Nonempty X] (v : ↥(invariantLine k G X).toSubmodule) (x : X) :
              (↑v).coeff x = (invariantLineEquivTrivial k G X) v

              Every coordinate of a vector in the invariant line is its corresponding scalar.

              @[simp]
              theorem TauCeti.finrank_invariantLine (k : Type u_1) [Semiring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] [Nonempty X] [StrongRankCondition k] :

              The invariant line has rank one over a semiring satisfying the strong rank condition.

              The dimension of the augmentation subrepresentation #

              @[simp]

              The augmentation subrepresentation has dimension one less than the cardinality of X. For an empty X both sides are zero, the subtraction being truncated.

              The splitting #

              The invariant line and augmentation subrepresentation are complementary when the index set is empty or its cardinality is a unit in the coefficient ring.

              The invariant line complements the augmentation subrepresentation exactly when the index set is empty or its cardinality is a unit in the coefficient ring.

              The splitting as trivial plus augmentation #

              When |X| is a unit in a ring, the permutation representation splits as the trivial representation on the scalars and the augmentation subrepresentation. The scalar component multiplies the sum of the standard basis.

              Instances For
                @[simp]

                The splitting adds a multiple of the sum of the standard basis to a vector of the augmentation subrepresentation.

                @[simp]

                The scalar component is the coefficient sum times the ring inverse of the cardinality.

                @[simp]

                The augmentation component subtracts the average coefficient from every coordinate.

                noncomputable def TauCeti.augmentationProjectionOfIsUnit (k : Type u_1) [Ring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] (h : IsUnit ↑(Fintype.card X)) :

                When |X| is a unit in a ring, the projection of k[X] onto the augmentation subrepresentation along the invariant line: the second component of the splitting TauCeti.ofMulActionEquivProdAugmentation. Unlike TauCeti.augmentationProjection, which projects along the line of a chosen basis vector, it is equivariant.

                Instances For
                  theorem TauCeti.augmentationProjectionOfIsUnit_apply (k : Type u_1) [Ring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] (h : IsUnit ↑(Fintype.card X)) (v : MonoidAlgebra k X) :

                  The equivariant projection is the augmentation component of the splitting.

                  @[simp]

                  The projection onto the augmentation subrepresentation subtracts the average coefficient from every coordinate.

                  @[simp]
                  theorem TauCeti.augmentationProjectionOfIsUnit_coe (k : Type u_1) [Ring k] (G : Type u_2) (X : Type u_3) [Group G] [MulAction G X] [Fintype X] (h : IsUnit ↑(Fintype.card X)) (v : ↥(augmentationSubrepresentation k G X).toSubmodule) :

                  The projection onto the augmentation subrepresentation is a retraction of its inclusion.

                  The projection onto the augmentation subrepresentation is equivariant.

                  The character of the augmentation subrepresentation #

                  @[simp]

                  The character of the augmentation subrepresentation is the character of k[X] less 1. The subtracted 1 is the trivial quotient k[X] / ker(augmentation) ≃ k, so nothing about |X| in k is needed: the identity holds in every characteristic, including the one dividing |X|, where the invariant line is not a complement.

                  For a monoid action the subtracted 1 is the trivial quotient: the character of k[X] counts fixed points, so the character here is the number of fixed points less one.

                  The characteristic polynomial of the augmentation subrepresentation times X - 1 is the characteristic polynomial of g on k[X]. The factor X - 1 is the characteristic polynomial of the trivial one-dimensional quotient of k[X] by the augmentation subrepresentation, so, as for the character, no hypothesis on |X| in k is needed.

                  @[simp]

                  Linear extension of an equivariant map preserves the coefficient-sum augmentation.

                  @[simp]

                  Linear extension of an equivariant map preserves the coefficient-sum augmentation.