The augmentation subrepresentation of a free-module action #
For a monoid action on X, the augmentation subrepresentation of k[X] consists of the vectors
whose coefficients sum to zero. For a group action on finite X, the sum of the standard basis
vectors spans an invariant subrepresentation, called the invariant line. Both constructions are
defined over any semiring. If X is nonempty, the invariant line is equivalent to the trivial
representation on k: every coordinate of a vector in the line is its scalar coefficient.
Over a ring, the coefficient sum is a morphism from the permutation representation to the
trivial representation. When X is nonempty its kernel inclusion gives the short exact sequence
0 → ker(sum) → k[X] → k → 0, whether or not it splits equivariantly.
For finite X over a ring satisfying the strong rank condition, the augmentation subrepresentation
has rank |X| - 1.
Over any ring where |X| is a unit, the invariant line complements it. The equivalence
TauCeti.ofMulActionEquivProdAugmentation expresses this splitting: its first component is the
average of the coefficients, and its second subtracts that multiple of the sum of the standard
basis. For empty X, both subrepresentations are zero and are still complementary.
Over a field, the character of the augmentation subrepresentation is the character of the induced
free-module action minus the trivial character, provided X is finite and nonempty. The identity
holds even when the characteristic divides |X|, so the invariant line is not a complement.
Likewise its characteristic polynomial times X - 1 is the characteristic polynomial on k[X].
These constructions underlie the standard representation of the symmetric group.
Main definitions and results #
TauCeti.augmentationSubrepresentation: the kernel of the coefficient sum.TauCeti.permutationAugmentation: the coefficient sum as a representation morphism.TauCeti.permutationAugmentationSequence_shortExact: the augmentation sequence is short exact when the permutation set is nonempty.TauCeti.permutationSumandTauCeti.invariantLine: the sum of the standard basis and its span.TauCeti.invariantLineEquivTrivial: the invariant line as the trivial representation onk.TauCeti.isCompl_invariantLine_augmentationSubrepresentation_iff: the two subrepresentations are complementary exactly whenXis empty or its cardinality is a unit in the coefficient ring.TauCeti.ofMulActionEquivProdAugmentation: the explicit splitting as trivial plus augmentation.TauCeti.augmentationProjectionOfIsUnit: the equivariant projection onto the augmentation subrepresentation along the invariant line.TauCeti.dualRestrict_augmentationSubrepresentation_eq_zero_iff: the linear forms vanishing on the augmentation subrepresentation are the multiples of the coefficient sum.TauCeti.finrank_augmentationSubrepresentation: the dimension is|X| - 1.TauCeti.character_augmentationSubrepresentation: the character is the free-module character minus1.TauCeti.charpoly_augmentationSubrepresentation_mul_X_sub_one: the characteristic polynomial timesX - 1is the free-module characteristic polynomial.
Implementation notes #
The augmentation is Module.Basis.sumCoords for MonoidAlgebra.basis X k. This linear map
requires no multiplication on X, unlike the ring homomorphism augmenting a monoid algebra.
The two maps agree when X is a monoid: both send single x a to a.
References #
- J.-P. Serre, Linear Representations of Finite Groups, §2.3.
The augmentation subrepresentation #
The coefficient sum is invariant under the induced action on the free module.
The permutation augmentation evaluates to the sum of the coefficients.
Read on coefficients, the permutation augmentation sums the coefficients.
Linear forms on the augmentation subrepresentation #
The coefficient sum vanishes on the augmentation subrepresentation.
A linear form on k[X] vanishes on the augmentation subrepresentation exactly when it is a
multiple of the coefficient sum. No hypothesis on k or X is needed.
The augmentation sequence #
The permutation augmentation sequence consists of the inclusion and coefficient sum.
The augmentation sequence on a nonempty permutation set is short exact. It need not split equivariantly when the cardinality of the set is not invertible.
The invariant line #
The sum of the standard basis of k[X], for a finite index type.
Instances For
The augmentation of the sum of the standard basis is the cardinality of the index type.
Deliberately not @[simp]: simp already proves this from TauCeti.coeff_permutationSum and the
generic basis API, so tagging it would be a simpNF violation.
For nonempty X and nontrivial coefficients, the sum of the standard basis is nonzero.
The group acts trivially on the invariant line.
The elements of the invariant line are exactly the multiples of the sum of the standard basis.
The invariant line as the trivial representation #
For a nonempty index type, the invariant line is the trivial representation on the scalars. The inverse sends a scalar to that multiple of the sum of the standard basis.
Instances For
The scalar c names the multiple c • permutationSum k X of the sum of the standard basis.
Conversely, the scalar naming a vector of the invariant line is its coordinate along the sum of the standard basis: that multiple of the sum is the vector again.
Every coordinate of a vector in the invariant line is its corresponding scalar.
The invariant line has rank one over a semiring satisfying the strong rank condition.
The dimension of the augmentation subrepresentation #
The augmentation subrepresentation has dimension one less than the cardinality of X. For an
empty X both sides are zero, the subtraction being truncated.
The splitting #
The invariant line and augmentation subrepresentation are complementary when the index set is empty or its cardinality is a unit in the coefficient ring.
The invariant line complements the augmentation subrepresentation exactly when the index set is empty or its cardinality is a unit in the coefficient ring.
The splitting as trivial plus augmentation #
When |X| is a unit in a ring, the permutation representation splits as the
trivial representation on the scalars and the augmentation subrepresentation. The scalar
component multiplies the sum of the standard basis.
Instances For
The splitting adds a multiple of the sum of the standard basis to a vector of the augmentation subrepresentation.
The scalar component is the coefficient sum times the ring inverse of the cardinality.
The augmentation component subtracts the average coefficient from every coordinate.
When |X| is a unit in a ring, the projection of k[X] onto the augmentation
subrepresentation along the invariant line: the second component of the splitting
TauCeti.ofMulActionEquivProdAugmentation. Unlike TauCeti.augmentationProjection, which
projects along the line of a chosen basis vector, it is equivariant.
Instances For
The equivariant projection is the augmentation component of the splitting.
The projection onto the augmentation subrepresentation subtracts the average coefficient from every coordinate.
The projection onto the augmentation subrepresentation is a retraction of its inclusion.
The projection onto the augmentation subrepresentation is equivariant.
The character of the augmentation subrepresentation #
The character of the augmentation subrepresentation is the character of k[X] less 1.
The subtracted 1 is the trivial quotient k[X] / ker(augmentation) ≃ k, so nothing about |X|
in k is needed: the identity holds in every characteristic, including the one dividing |X|,
where the invariant line is not a complement.
For a monoid action the subtracted 1 is the trivial quotient: the character of
k[X] counts fixed points, so the character here is the number of fixed points less one.
The characteristic polynomial of the augmentation subrepresentation times X - 1 is the
characteristic polynomial of g on k[X]. The factor X - 1 is the characteristic polynomial of
the trivial one-dimensional quotient of k[X] by the augmentation subrepresentation, so, as for
the character, no hypothesis on |X| in k is needed.
Linear extension of an equivariant map preserves the coefficient-sum augmentation.
Linear extension of an equivariant map preserves the coefficient-sum augmentation.