Short exact sequences of discrete modules, and the low-degree connecting maps #
A short exact sequence 0 → A → B → C → 0 of discrete G-modules induces short exact
sequences of continuous cochains
0 → Cⁿ(G, A) → Cⁿ(G, B) → Cⁿ(G, C) → 0,
and hence connecting homomorphisms δ⁰ : H⁰(G, C) → H¹(G, A) and δ¹ : H¹(G, C) → H²(G, A) on
the explicit low-degree complex of
TauCeti/RepresentationTheory/Homological/ContCohomology/LowDegree.lean. This file builds both.
Discreteness of the coefficients is used twice, once at each of the two ends of the sequence.
Discreteness of C gives surjectivity on cochains: a continuous cochain into C is locally
constant, so composing it with any set-theoretic section of B → C is still continuous
(TauCeti.exists_continuous_lift). Discreteness of B gives exactness in the middle: every
function out of B is continuous, so the retraction onto the image of incl is continuous, and a
continuous cochain into B that the projection kills retracts to a continuous cochain into A
(TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.exists_continuous_incl_comp_eq, whence
C1_map_incl_eq_inf_ker). Cocycle conditions descend along incl because an injection into a
discrete space reflects continuity (TauCeti.continuous_of_injective_comp). Discreteness of A
and of B is also what makes incl and proj continuous. For general
topological coefficients neither argument applies, since a set-theoretic section need not be
continuous and a continuous cochain need not be locally constant; the cochain sequence can still
be exact when suitable continuous lifts exist. Nothing below is asserted in that more general
setting.
The sequence is carried by a structure rather than by loose hypotheses because every statement here is about the same sequence and has to name the same two coefficient maps.
Main definitions #
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact: a short exact sequence of discreteG-modules.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.toShortComplex: the sequence as a short complex of canonical topological coefficient representations.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.restrict: the same sequence over a subgroup.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.ofAddSubgroup: the sequence0 → N → B → B ⧸ N → 0of aG-stable additive subgroupNof a discreteG-moduleB.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.dual: the dual sequence0 → Hom(C, N) → Hom(B, N) → Hom(A, N) → 0of internal homs with the conjugation action, whenever homomorphismsA →+ Nextend toB, as they do for a sequence killed by a primepand for a sequence killed bynwhenNis an injectiveℤ/nℤ-module; its maps are precomposition with the projection and the inclusion, whichevalPairing_dual_inclandevalPairing_dual_projrecord as compatibilities of the evaluation pairings.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.inclDistribMulActionHomandTauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.projDistribMulActionHom: the inclusion and projection bundled as equivariant additive homomorphisms, suitable as inputs toexplicitCoeff0.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.ofDiscreteModuleMap_inclDistribMulActionHomandTauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.ofDiscreteModuleMap_projDistribMulActionHomidentify their canonical coefficient maps with those of the raw homomorphisms.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.explicitDelta0andTauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.explicitDelta1: the connecting homomorphismsH⁰(G, C) → H¹(G, A)andH¹(G, C) → H²(G, A).
Main statements #
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.compLeft_incl_injective,C1_map_incl_eq_inf_kerandC1_map_proj_eq_C1: exactness of0 → C¹(X, A) → C¹(X, B) → C¹(X, C) → 0at its left, middle and right nodes, withC2_map_incl_eq_inf_kerandC2_map_proj_eq_C2the degree-2instances of the last two.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.mem_Z1_of_incl_comp_mem_Z1andmem_Z2_of_incl_comp_mem_Z2: the continuous cocycles descend along the inclusion, which is what turns a cochain produced by a diagram chase back into a cocycle onA.TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.explicitDelta0_applyandexplicitDelta1_apply: the two connecting maps evaluated on representatives, in the shape of Mathlib's discretegroupCohomology.δ₀_applyandδ₁_apply. They hold for an arbitrary preimage and an arbitrary representing cocycle, so they are also the public form of the well-definedness of the two maps. Their cocycle hypotheses are discharged byTauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.mem_Z1_of_incl_comp_eq_d0andmem_Z2_of_incl_comp_eq_d1, which need no cocycle input of their own.
Implementation notes #
Continuity of incl and of proj is not carried as data: A and B are discrete, so every
map out of them is continuous. Exactness in the middle is Mathlib's Function.Exact, which is
∀ b, proj b = 0 ↔ b ∈ Set.range incl.
The cochain maps are Mathlib's AddMonoidHom.compLeft, postcomposition on a function space; the
statements of exactness are therefore about the image and kernel of that homomorphism restricted
to the cochain subgroup C¹ X -, which is C¹(G, -) at X = G and C²(G, -) at X = G × G.
The compatible-pair pullback, which moves the group as well as the coefficients, is a different
map and is not used here.
Both connecting maps are built from a variable preimage first, and the independence of the
choice is a theorem rather than a definitional accident; only then is the map defined by choosing
a preimage with Function.surjInv. The cochain-level constructions this passes through are
private, including the retraction used on the kernel of the projection, since they depend on
choices the mathematical statements must not mention; the public interface to them is
explicitDelta0_apply and explicitDelta1_apply, which hold with whatever preimage a computation
has in hand.
The cochain sequences are stated for a topological monoid G. The two connecting maps ask in
addition that the coefficients be discrete G-modules with a continuous action:
[ContinuousSMul G A] and [ContinuousSMul G B] for δ⁰, and also [ContinuousSMul G C] for
δ¹. Without it B¹ ≤ Z¹ and B² ≤ Z² fail and the quotients H1 and H2 cannot be formed.
δ¹ asks moreover for a continuous multiplication on G, which is what carries continuity
through d¹. Restricting the sequence to a subgroup (DiscreteShortExact.restrict) and the
dual sequence (DiscreteShortExact.dual, whose conjugation action needs inverses) ask G to be a
group. Profiniteness plays no part here.
References #
- J. Neukirch, A. Schmidt, K. Wingberg, Cohomology of Number Fields, 2nd ed., (1.3.2): the long
exact cohomology sequence of a short exact sequence of discrete
G-modules, whose degree-≤ 2connecting maps are the ones built here.
Cochain lifting #
The canonical set-theoretic lift of a cochain along a surjection, from which the connecting maps
below are built. Its continuity is TauCeti.exists_continuous_lift's argument.
A short exact sequence 0 → A → B → C → 0 of discrete G-modules.
Discreteness of the three modules is what makes the continuous cochain sequences exact:
discreteness of C makes arbitrary set-theoretic lifts of continuous cochains continuous, and
discreteness of B makes the retraction onto the image of the inclusion continuous, which is
what retracts a continuous cochain killed by the projection. Continuity of the two maps is a
further consequence of it, not data.
The inclusion
A → B.The projection
B → C.The inclusion is
G-equivariant.The projection is
G-equivariant.- incl_injective : Function.Injective ⇑self.incl
Exactness on the left.
- proj_surjective : Function.Surjective ⇑self.proj
Exactness on the right.
- exact : Function.Exact ⇑self.incl ⇑self.proj
Exactness in the middle:
proj b = 0exactly whenbcomes fromA.
Instances For
Two short exact sequences with the same inclusion and projection are equal.
The composite A → B → C vanishes.
The inclusion of a short exact sequence, bundled as an equivariant additive homomorphism.
Equations
Instances For
The projection of a short exact sequence, bundled as an equivariant additive homomorphism.
Equations
Instances For
The bundled inclusion is injective, as incl is.
The bundled projection is surjective, as proj is.
An element of B killed by the projection comes from A.
A natural number killing the middle term of a short exact sequence kills its sub-object.
A natural number killing the middle term of a short exact sequence kills its quotient.
The canonical coefficient map of the bundled inclusion is that of the raw inclusion: the
explicit comparison lemmas are stated for S.inclDistribMulActionHom, the canonical long exact
sequence for S.incl.
The canonical coefficient map of the bundled projection is that of the raw projection: the
explicit comparison lemmas are stated for S.projDistribMulActionHom, the canonical long exact
sequence for S.proj.
The short exact sequence 0 → N → B → B ⧸ N → 0 of a G-stable additive subgroup N of a
discrete G-module B. The subgroup carries the subspace topology and the restricted action
AddSubgroup.restrictDistribMulAction; the quotient carries the quotient topology, which is
discrete, and the quotient action AddSubgroup.quotientDistribMulAction.
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
A short exact sequence of discrete G-modules restricts to one of discrete T-modules, for
any subgroup T ≤ G. The two maps are unchanged; the naturality of the connecting maps under
restriction is stated against this sequence.
Equations
Instances For
The dual short exact sequence. For a short exact sequence 0 → A → B → C → 0 of discrete
G-modules and a G-module N such that every homomorphism A →+ N extends to B, that is,
precomposition with the inclusion is surjective on internal homs, precomposition with the two maps
gives the short exact sequence
0 → InternalHom G C N → InternalHom G B N → InternalHom G A N → 0
of internal homs with their conjugation actions. The extension hypothesis is the only input beyond
the exactness of S: injectivity on the left is InternalHom.precomp_injective and exactness in
the middle is InternalHom.exact_precomp, for every N. It holds for every N when B is killed
by a prime p, since A embeds in B and Hom(-, N) is exact on 𝔽_p-vector spaces
(InternalHom.precomp_surjective), and it holds when B is killed by n and N satisfies Baer's
criterion over ℤ/nℤ, for instance N = ℤ/nℤ with any action when n ≠ 0
(InternalHom.precomp_surjective_of_baer); precomp_inclDistribMulActionHom_surjective and
precomp_inclDistribMulActionHom_surjective_of_baer state the two cases for the inclusion of S.
Evaluation identifies the two maps: evalPairing_dual_incl and evalPairing_dual_proj.
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- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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The extension hypothesis of dual for a sequence killed by a prime. If B is killed by a
prime p, precomposition with the inclusion of S is surjective on internal homs into any N.
The extension hypothesis of dual for a sequence killed by n and a Baer target. If B is
killed by n and N satisfies Baer's criterion over ℤ/nℤ, precomposition with the inclusion of
S is surjective on internal homs into N.
The inclusion of the dual sequence is precomposition with the projection: the evaluation
pairings of InternalHom G C N with C and of InternalHom G B N with B are compatible along
the two maps.
The projection of the dual sequence is precomposition with the inclusion: the evaluation
pairings of InternalHom G B N with B and of InternalHom G A N with A are compatible along
the two maps.
The equivariant inclusion of the dual sequence is precomposition with the equivariant projection of the original sequence.
The equivariant projection of the dual sequence is precomposition with the equivariant inclusion of the original sequence.
Evaluation is a morphism from a sequence to its double dual, on the inclusions. The
inclusion of the double dual sequence 0 → A^{∨∨} → B^{∨∨} → C^{∨∨} → 0 carries the evaluation
class of a : A to the evaluation class of S.incl a.
Evaluation is a morphism from a sequence to its double dual, on the projections. The
projection of the double dual sequence 0 → A^{∨∨} → B^{∨∨} → C^{∨∨} → 0 carries the evaluation
class of b : B to the evaluation class of S.proj b.
Exactness of 0 → C¹(X, A) → C¹(X, B) at the left node: postcomposition with the inclusion is
injective on all cochains, hence in particular on the continuous ones C¹(X, A). The statement
does not mention the cochain subgroups, so the degree-2 node is this theorem at X = G × G and
needs no separate C² form.
A continuous cochain into B killed by the projection comes from a continuous cochain into
A, obtained by retracting the cochain pointwise.
Exactness of 0 → C¹(X, A) → C¹(X, B) → C¹(X, C) → 0 at the middle node: a continuous cochain
into B is killed by the projection exactly when it is the image of a continuous cochain into
A. Taking X = G this is degree 1, and taking X = G × G it is degree 2.
Exactness of C¹(X, B) → C¹(X, C) → 0 at the right node: every continuous cochain into C
lifts, by TauCeti.exists_continuous_lift.
Exactness of 0 → C²(G, A) → C²(G, B) → C²(G, C) → 0 in the middle: the degree-2 instance
of TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.C1_map_incl_eq_inf_ker, at X = G × G.
Exactness of 0 → C²(G, A) → C²(G, B) → C²(G, C) → 0 on the right: the degree-2 instance of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.C1_map_proj_eq_C1, at X = G × G.
A 1-cochain on A lying over a continuous 1-cocycle on B is one. Both halves of
membership in Z¹ descend along the inclusion: it reflects continuity, the two modules being
discrete, and it is injective, so the cocycle identity descends as well.
A 2-cochain on A lying over a continuous 2-cocycle on B is one, the degree-2
counterpart of TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.mem_Z1_of_incl_comp_mem_Z1.
If the image of b in C is G-invariant then its coboundary d⁰ b is killed by the
projection, hence — the sequence being exact in the middle — comes from A.
A cochain on A lying over a coboundary of B is a continuous 1-cocycle. No cocycle
hypothesis is needed, a coboundary being a continuous cocycle already; this is the case
e = d⁰ b of TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.mem_Z1_of_incl_comp_mem_Z1. It is what
discharges the hypothesis ha of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.explicitDelta0_apply, whose hab it takes verbatim.
The connecting homomorphism δ⁰ : H⁰(G, C) → H¹(G, A). Choose a preimage in B of an
invariant of C and take the class of the retraction of its coboundary.
Equations
- S.explicitDelta0 = AddMonoidHom.mk' (fun (c : ↥(TauCeti.ContCohomology.H0 G C)) => TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.delta0Class✝ S (Function.surjInv ⋯ ↑c) ⋯) ⋯
Instances For
δ⁰ on representatives. For any preimage b of an invariant c and any continuous
1-cocycle a with incl ∘ a = d⁰ b, the class of a is δ⁰ c. This mirrors the shape of
Mathlib's discrete groupCohomology.δ₀_apply. The hypothesis ha is discharged from hab by
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.mem_Z1_of_incl_comp_eq_d0.
If e lies over a 1-cocycle f on C then its coboundary d¹ e is killed by the
projection, hence — the sequence being exact in the middle — comes from A.
A cochain on A lying over a coboundary of B is a continuous 2-cocycle. No cocycle
hypothesis on e is needed, a continuous coboundary being a continuous cocycle already; this is
the case z = d¹ e of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.mem_Z2_of_incl_comp_mem_Z2. It is what discharges the
hypothesis ha of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.explicitDelta1_apply, whose hae it takes verbatim.
The connecting homomorphism δ¹ : H¹(G, C) → H²(G, A). Lift a continuous 1-cocycle on
C to a continuous 1-cochain on B and take the class of the retraction of its d¹.
Equations
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δ¹ on representatives. For any continuous lift e of a continuous 1-cocycle f on
C and any continuous 2-cocycle a with incl ∘ a = d¹ e, the class of a is δ¹ of the
class of f. This mirrors the shape of Mathlib's discrete groupCohomology.δ₁_apply. The
hypothesis ha is discharged from hae by
TauCeti.ContCohomology.DiscreteShortExact.mem_Z2_of_incl_comp_eq_d1.
A short exact sequence of discrete G-modules as a short complex of canonical coefficient
objects in TopRep ℤ G.
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- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
The projection of the coefficient short complex is the given projection on elements.
The middle coefficient representation has the given action.
The final coefficient representation has the given action.