The projection formula for the explicit low-degree cup products #
The corestriction of a finite-index subgroup U ≤ G is not linear over the cohomology of G, but
it is a map of modules over it: restricting a class of G to U, cupping there, and corestricting
back is the same as cupping with the corestricted class. That is the projection formula
cor (res a ⌣ b) = a ⌣ cor b, cor (b ⌣ res n) = cor b ⌣ n,
proved here in all six low-degree shapes.
In the five shapes with a degree-0 factor that factor is invariant, so partial application of the
pairing at it is an equivariant additive map — TauCeti.ContCohomology.pairingLeft in the first
display and TauCeti.ContCohomology.pairingRight in the second — and the cup with a degree-0
class is the coefficient map that equivariant map induces. In positive degrees the projection
formula is therefore exactly naturality of the corestriction cochain in an equivariant coefficient
map, TauCeti.ContCohomology.map_cochainsCor1 and map_cochainsCor2, and in those five shapes it
holds already on cochains, with no coboundary correction. Those two cochain identities are stated
for a variable transversal, so the statements below transport to any other transversal through
TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCor1_eq_transversal and explicitCor2_eq_transversal. In the
(1,0) and (2,0) shapes
the translation factors g • and (g * h) • of the cup formula are absorbed by the invariance of
the degree-0 factor before that naturality is applied; in degree 0 the same absorption is
TauCeti.ContCohomology.pairingLeft_smul applied to each summand of the norm.
The (1,1) shape, the one shape of the six without a degree-0 factor, is the one shape where
the two sides do not agree on cochains: the degree-two corestriction pairs the transversal word
of the first variable with the translated transversal word of the second, so the two sides
differ by a coboundary. That coboundary is exhibited by the explicit 1-cochain
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy,
kᵗ(γ) = ∑ u : G ⧸ U, μ (a (t u)) (t u • b (ℓᵗ_u γ)),
whose d¹ is the difference of the two sides
(TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy_spec); the identity on classes follows.
Main statements #
TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection: the(0,1)shapecor¹ (res⁰ a ⌣ b) = a ⌣ cor¹ b. The five companions below carry their bidegree.TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection00,TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection10,TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection02andTauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection20: the same identity in the four remaining low-degree shapes with a degree-0factor.TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection11: the(1,1)shapecor² (res¹ a ⌣ b) = a ⌣ cor¹ b, deduced fromTauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy_spec.TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection10_res_leftandTauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCup_projection20_res_left: the(1,0)and(2,0)shapes with the restriction on the cocycle factor,cor (res a ⌣ n) = a ⌣ cor⁰ n, deduced from the homotopiesTauCeti.ContCohomology.cup10ProjectionHomotopy_specandTauCeti.ContCohomology.cup20ProjectionHomotopy_spec. With the six shapes above, the projection formula with the restriction on the first factor holds in every bidegree of total degree at most two.
References #
- J. Neukirch, A. Schmidt, K. Wingberg, Cohomology of Number Fields, 2nd ed., (1.5.3)(iv): the projection formula for the cup product and the corestriction.
- L. Ribes, P. Zalesskii, Profinite Groups, 2nd ed., 7.9.6 and 7.9.7.
- K. Brown, Cohomology of Groups, V (3.8).
The degree-zero shape #
H⁰ is a subgroup and not a quotient, so neither a topology on G nor continuity of the pairing
is involved.
The (0,0) projection formula, cor⁰ (res⁰ a ⌣ n) = a ⌣ cor⁰ n: the norm of a pairing
with a G-invariant first argument is that pairing applied to the norm. The whole content is that
the transversal factors cross the pairing, which is
TauCeti.ContCohomology.pairingLeft_smul.
The degree-one shapes #
Openness of U enters exactly as in TauCeti.ContCohomology.explicitCor1: it is what makes the
corestriction of a continuous cochain continuous.
The (0,1) projection formula, cor¹ (res⁰ a ⌣ b) = a ⌣ cor¹ b for an open subgroup U
of finite index.
The (1,0) projection formula, cor¹ (b ⌣ res⁰ n) = cor¹ b ⌣ n. The translation factors
of the (1,0) cochain formula act trivially on the invariant n, which is what leaves a plain
naturality statement behind.
The degree-two shapes #
The 2-cochains of the subgroup are functions on U × U, so the cup products over U need U
to be a topological group. Degree one needs separately continuous multiplication on G;
degree two uses [IsTopologicalGroup G] to obtain the corresponding structure on U.
The (0,2) projection formula, cor² (res⁰ a ⌣ b) = a ⌣ cor² b.
The (2,0) projection formula, cor² (b ⌣ res⁰ n) = cor² b ⌣ n.
The (1,1) homotopy #
The (1,1) shape is the one shape of the six in which neither factor is invariant, and the two
sides of the projection formula are genuinely different cochains. Their difference is a
coboundary, and this section writes down a primitive for it. Nothing here needs a topology: the
identity TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy_spec is an identity of plain cochains,
just like the corestriction cochain identities it is proved from.
The (1,1) projection-formula homotopy for a transversal t,
kᵗ(γ) = ∑ u : G ⧸ U, μ (α (t u)) (t u • β (ℓᵗ_u γ)),
where ℓᵗ is the transversal word TauCeti.lWord. It is the corestriction sum of the pairing of
α against β, evaluated at the transversal representatives in the first variable and at the
transversal words in the second. Its d¹ is the difference of the two sides of the (1,1)
projection formula, TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy_spec.
Equations
- TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy G M N P U μ t ht α β γ = ∑ u : G ⧸ U, (μ (α (t u))) (t u • β ⟨TauCeti.lWord U t u γ, ⋯⟩)
Instances For
The defining formula for the (1,1) projection-formula homotopy.
The (1,1) projection formula on cochains, up to the explicit coboundary. For a 1-cocycle
α of G and a 1-cocycle β of U, the difference between the corestriction of the cup of
α|_U with β and the cup of α with the corestriction of β is d¹ of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy.
The (1,1) shape #
Continuity of the homotopy is what makes it a primitive in B², which is the image of the
continuous 1-cochains, and it comes — as everywhere in this file — from openness of U
through TauCeti.continuous_lWord.
The (1,1) projection-formula homotopy of continuous data is continuous. As for the
corestriction cochains themselves, no continuity is required of the transversal t.
The (1,1) projection formula, cor² (res¹ a ⌣ b) = a ⌣ cor¹ b. Unlike the five shapes
with a degree-0 factor, this one is not an identity of cochains: the two sides differ by d¹ of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy, which is
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup11ProjectionHomotopy_spec.
Restricting the positive-degree factor: the homotopies #
In the (1,0) and (2,0) shapes above the restricted factor is the invariant one. With the
restriction on the cocycle instead, cor (res a ⌣ n) = a ⌣ cor⁰ n, the two sides again differ on
cochains, and this section writes down the primitives. As for the (1,1) homotopy, nothing here
needs a topology.
The invariance of n under U is what makes every translate (t u * ℓᵗ_u γ) • n equal to
t u • n, so that all the sums below have the fixed second pairing argument t u • n; what moves
is only the first argument, and there the cocycle law of α does the work.
The (1,0) projection-formula homotopy for restriction on the cocycle factor and a
transversal t, the 0-cochain ∑ u : G ⧸ U, μ (α (t u)) (t u • n). Its d⁰ is the difference
of the two sides of cor¹ (res¹ α ⌣ n) = α ⌣ cor⁰ n,
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup10ProjectionHomotopy_spec.
Equations
- TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup10ProjectionHomotopy G M N P U μ t α n = ∑ u : G ⧸ U, (μ (α (t u))) (t u • n)
Instances For
The defining formula for the (1,0) projection-formula homotopy.
The (2,0) projection-formula homotopy for restriction on the cocycle factor and a
transversal t,
kᵗ(γ) = ∑ u : G ⧸ U, μ (α (t u, ℓᵗ_u γ) - α (γ, t (γ⁻¹ • u))) (t u • n),
where ℓᵗ is the transversal word TauCeti.lWord. Its d¹ is the difference of the two sides of
cor² (res² α ⌣ n) = α ⌣ cor⁰ n, TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup20ProjectionHomotopy_spec.
Equations
Instances For
The defining formula for the (2,0) projection-formula homotopy.
The (1,0) projection formula with restriction on the cocycle, on cochains, up to the
explicit coboundary. For a 1-cocycle α of G and a U-invariant n, the difference between
the corestriction of the cup of α|_U with n and the cup of α with the norm of n is d⁰ of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup10ProjectionHomotopy.
The (2,0) projection formula with restriction on the cocycle, on cochains, up to the
explicit coboundary. For a 2-cocycle α of G and a U-invariant n, the difference between
the corestriction of the cup of α|_U with n and the cup of α with the norm of n is d¹ of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup20ProjectionHomotopy.
Restricting the positive-degree factor #
The two shapes (1,0) and (2,0) of the projection formula with the restriction on the cocycle
factor, cor (res a ⌣ n) = a ⌣ cor⁰ n. Together with the six shapes above these give the
projection formula with the restriction on the first factor in every bidegree (p, q) with
p + q ≤ 2.
The (2,0) projection-formula homotopy of a continuous cocycle is continuous: the transversal
word is continuous by TauCeti.continuous_lWord, and γ ↦ t (γ⁻¹ • u) is locally constant because
U is open.
The (1,0) projection formula with restriction on the cocycle,
cor¹ (res¹ a ⌣ n) = a ⌣ cor⁰ n. The two sides differ on cochains by d⁰ of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup10ProjectionHomotopy, which is
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup10ProjectionHomotopy_spec.
The (2,0) projection formula with restriction on the cocycle,
cor² (res² a ⌣ n) = a ⌣ cor⁰ n. The two sides differ on cochains by d¹ of
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup20ProjectionHomotopy, which is
TauCeti.ContCohomology.cup20ProjectionHomotopy_spec.